Fatores de risco para necessidade de ventilação mecânica em crianças com Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 / Risk factors for need of mechanical ventilation in children with Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09

OBJETIVO: A pandemia causada pelo vírus Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 teve seu pico nos meses de julho e agosto de 2009, no Sul do Brasil, sendo a incidência mais alta em crianças e adultos jovens. No período pós-pandêmico, no Brasil, houve aumento de casos nos meses de inverno dos anos de 2011 e 2012, de forma semelhante ao vírus influenza sazonal. Como ainda estão ocorrendo infecções devido ao influenza pandêmico, nosso objetivo foi investigar fatores de risco para pior desfecho em crianças. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo analisando as fichas de pacientes menores de 14 anos hospitalizados e com RT-PCR positiva para Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 durante a primeira onda , em seis centros terciários brasileiros. Definimos a necessidade de ventilação mecânica como desfecho com gravidade e, como possíveis preditores, os fatores idade, doenças crônicas, codetecção bacteriana e viral, achados da radiografia do tórax e uso de oseltamivir. RESULTADOS: No presente estudo, foram incluídos120 pacientes. Em uma análise multivariada, doenças crônicas (razão de prevalência: 2,613; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 1,267 a 5,386) e codetecção viral (razão de prevalência: 2,43; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 1,203 a 4,905) se associaram estatisticamente a um pior desfecho (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A presença de doenças crônicas como preditores reforça evidências prévias. Além disso, verificamos que a codetecção viral é fator de risco. São necessários outros estudos para confirmar essa associação.

OBJECTIVE: The pandemic caused by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus peaked between July and August of 2009 in southern Brazil, with the highest incidence in children and young adults. In the post-pandemic period, there was an increase in the incidence of cases during the winter months of 2011 and 2012 in Brazil, similar to seasonal influenza virus. Since infections due to pandemic influenza are still occurring, the present study aimed to investigate the risk factors for worse outcome in children. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed by reviewing the charts of hospitalized patients younger than 14 years with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the first pandemic wave in six Brazilian tertiary centers. Need for mechanical ventilation was defined as the severity of outcome; age, chronic diseases, bacterial and viral co-detection, chest radiograph findings, and use of oseltamivir were possible predictors. RESULTS: In the present study, 120 patients were included. In a multivariate analysis, chronic diseases (prevalence ratio: 2.613, 95% CI: 1.267-5.386) and viral co-detection (prevalence ratio: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.203-4.905) were statistically associated with worse outcome (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of chronic diseases as predictors reinforces previous finding. Furthermore, viral co-detection was found to be a risk factor. Further studies are necessary to confirm this association.

Densidade mineral óssea, função pulmonar, idade cronológica e idade de diagnóstico em crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística / Bone mineral density, pulmonary function, chronological age, and age at diagnosis in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a densidade mineral óssea de pacientes com fibrose cística (FC) e correlacioná-la com possíveis variáveis intervenientes. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico clínico de FC, idade entre seis e dezoito anos, e em acompanhamento ambulatorial. Primeiramente, foram coletados os dados demográficos, para posterior realização do teste espirométrico. Todos os pacientes responderam ao questionário de qualidade de vida em FC (QFC) e realizaram o teste de caminhada dos seis minutos (TC6) e o exame de densitometria óssea (DXA). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 25 pacientes fibrocísticos, sendo 56% do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi de 12,3 ± 3,4 anos, altura de 149,2 ± 14,4 cm e peso de 44,4 ± 13,9 kg. A maioria dos dados de função pulmonar e de densidade mineral óssea (DMO) encontrou-se dentro dos limites de normalidade. A média do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) foi de 92,5 ± 23,6 (% do previsto), capacidade vital forçada (CVF) de 104,4 ± 21,3 (% do previsto) e o escore z da DMO de 0,1 ± 1,0. A DMO correlacionou-se de forma moderada com o VEF1 (r = 0,43; p = 0,03) e com a CVF (r = 0,57; p = 0,003). Em relação à idade cronológica e à idade de diagnóstico, também foi encontrada uma correlação moderada e inversa (r = -0,55; p = 0,004 /r = -0,57; p = 0,003, respectivamente). Entretanto, não foram encontradas correlações significativas com os dados do QFC, TC6 e índice de massa corporal. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos pacientes avaliados apresenta DMO dentro dos limites de normalidade e possui correlação positiva com a função pulmonar e negativa com a idade cronológica e a idade de diagnóstico.

OBJECTIVE: To assess bone mineral density in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), and to correlate it with possible intervening variables. METHODS: Children and adolescents diagnosed with CF, aged 6 to 18 years, followed at the outpatient clinic were included in the study. First, demographic data were collected and, subsequently, patients underwent a spirometric test. All patients answered the Cystic Fibrosis Quality of Life Questionnaire (CFQ) and underwent the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and bone densitometry (DXA). RESULTS: A total of 25 CF patients were included, of which 56% were males. The mean age was 12.3±3.4 years; mean height was 149.2±14.4 cm; and mean weight was 44.4±13.9 kg. Most results on pulmonary function and bone mineral density (BMD) were within normal limits. The mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was 92.5±23.6 (% of predicted), mean forced vital capacity (FVC) was 104.4±21.3 (% of predicted), and mean BMD z-score was 0.1±1.0. BMD was moderately correlated with FEV1 (r = 0.43, p = 0.03) and FVC (r = 0.57, p = 0.003). Regarding chronological age and age at diagnosis, a moderate and inverse correlation was also found (r = -0.55, p = 0.004 ; r = -0.57, p = 0.003, respectively). However, no significant correlations were found with the data from CFQ, 6MWT, and body mass index. CONCLUSION: Most patients had BMD within normal limits and presented a positive correlation with pulmonary function, as well as a negative correlation with chronological age and age at diagnosis.

Nutritional status, breastfeeding, and evolution of Infants with acute viral bronchiolitis.

Acute viral bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infectious disease of infancy. A prospective study was carried out with 175 infants aged up to six months to evaluate their nutritional and breastfeeding status as possible risk factors for unfavourable evolution of previously-healthy infants from a care hospital. Immunofluorescence test for virus and anthropometric assessment were performed. Outcomes were length of oxygen-use, length of hospital stay, and type of hospital unit needed. Seventy-three percent of the infants were well-nourished, 6% undernourished, 8.6% at a nutritional risk, 10.9% overweight, and 1.7% obese. Eighty-one percent of the undernourished and nutritionally at-risk infants and 72% of the well-nourished, overweight, and obese infants did not receive exclusive breastfeeding. The median length of hospital stay was four days and of oxygen-use was 60 hours. The nutritional status did not affect the clinical course of previously-healthy infants with acute viral brochiolitis. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding, but not type of breastfeeding, was inversely related to the length of oxygen-use and the length of hospital stay. Shorter exclusive breastfeeding was observed in infants who were assigned to a paediatric ward or to an intensive care unit. In conclusion, longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with better clinical outcomes.